量子计算是使用量子力学执行计算的过程。该领域研究某些亚杀菌粒子的量子行为，以便随后在执行计算，以及大规模信息处理中使用。这些能力可以在计算时间和经典计算机上的成本方面提供量子计算机的优势。如今，由于计算复杂性或计算所需的时间，具有科学挑战，这是由于古典计算而无法执行，并且量子计算是可能的答案之一。然而，电流量子器件尚未实现必要的QUBITS，并且没有足够的容错才能实现这些目标。尽管如此，还有其他领域，如机器学习或化学，其中量子计算对电流量子器件有用。本手稿旨在展示2017年和2021年之间发布的论文的系统文献综述，以确定，分析和分类量子机器学习和其应用中使用的不同算法。因此，该研究确定了使用量子机器学习技术和算法的52篇文章。发现算法的主要类型是经典机器学习算法的量子实现，例如支持向量机或K最近邻模型，以及古典的深度学习算法，如量子神经网络。许多文章试图解决目前通过古典机器学习回答的问题，但使用量子设备和算法。即使结果很有希望，量子机器学习也远未实现其全部潜力。由于现有量子计算机缺乏足够的质量，速度和比例以允许量子计算来实现其全部潜力，因此需要提高量子硬件。

底面图像中的自动化视盘（OD）和光杯（OC）分割与有效测量垂直杯盘比率（VCDR）是一种在眼科中常用的生物标志物，以确定胶状神经神经病变的程度。通常，这是使用粗到1的深度学习算法来解决的，其中第一阶段近似于OD，第二阶段使用该区域的作物来预测OD/OC掩码。尽管这种方法广泛应用于文献中，但尚无研究来分析其对结果的真正贡献。在本文中，我们介绍了使用5个公共数据库的不同粗到精细设计的全面分析，包括从标准分割的角度以及估算青光眼评估的VCDR。我们的分析表明，这些算法不一定超过标准的多级单阶段模型，尤其是当这些算法是从足够大而多样化的训练集中学习的。此外，我们注意到粗糙阶段比精细的OD分割结果更好，并且在第二阶段提供OD监督对于确保准确的OC掩码至关重要。此外，在多数据集设置上训练的单阶段和两阶段模型都表现出对成对的结果，甚至比其他最先进的替代方案更好，同时排名第一的OD/OC分段。最后，我们评估了VCDR预测的模型与Airogs图像子集中的六个眼科医生相比，以在观察者间可变性的背景下理解它们。我们注意到，即使从单阶段和粗至细节模型中恢复的VCDR估计值也可以获得良好的青光眼检测结果，即使它们与专家的手动测量不高度相关。

卷积和复发性神经网络的结合是一个有希望的框架，它允许提取高质量时空特征以及其时间依赖性，这是时间序列预测问题（例如预测，分类或异常检测）的关键。在本文中，引入了TSFEDL库。它通过使用卷积和经常性的深神经网络来编译20种时间序列提取和预测的最先进方法，用于在多个数据挖掘任务中使用。该库是建立在AGPLV3许可下的一组TensorFlow+Keras和Pytorch模块上的。本提案中包含的架构的性能验证证实了此Python软件包的有用性。

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical image processing, deep learning in color fundus photography (CFP) analysis is also evolving. Although there are some open-source, labeled datasets of CFPs in the ophthalmology community, large-scale datasets for screening only have labels of disease categories, and datasets with annotations of fundus structures are usually small in size. In addition, labeling standards are not uniform across datasets, and there is no clear information on the acquisition device. Here we release a multi-annotation, multi-quality, and multi-device color fundus image dataset for glaucoma analysis on an original challenge -- Retinal Fundus Glaucoma Challenge 2nd Edition (REFUGE2). The REFUGE2 dataset contains 2000 color fundus images with annotations of glaucoma classification, optic disc/cup segmentation, as well as fovea localization. Meanwhile, the REFUGE2 challenge sets three sub-tasks of automatic glaucoma diagnosis and fundus structure analysis and provides an online evaluation framework. Based on the characteristics of multi-device and multi-quality data, some methods with strong generalizations are provided in the challenge to make the predictions more robust. This shows that REFUGE2 brings attention to the characteristics of real-world multi-domain data, bridging the gap between scientific research and clinical application.

Numerous works use word embedding-based metrics to quantify societal biases and stereotypes in texts. Recent studies have found that word embeddings can capture semantic similarity but may be affected by word frequency. In this work we study the effect of frequency when measuring female vs. male gender bias with word embedding-based bias quantification methods. We find that Skip-gram with negative sampling and GloVe tend to detect male bias in high frequency words, while GloVe tends to return female bias in low frequency words. We show these behaviors still exist when words are randomly shuffled. This proves that the frequency-based effect observed in unshuffled corpora stems from properties of the metric rather than from word associations. The effect is spurious and problematic since bias metrics should depend exclusively on word co-occurrences and not individual word frequencies. Finally, we compare these results with the ones obtained with an alternative metric based on Pointwise Mutual Information. We find that this metric does not show a clear dependence on frequency, even though it is slightly skewed towards male bias across all frequencies.

In this work a novel recommender system (RS) for Tourism is presented. The RS is context aware as is now the rule in the state-of-the-art for recommender systems and works on top of a tourism ontology which is used to group the different items being offered. The presented RS mixes different types of recommenders creating an ensemble which changes on the basis of the RS's maturity. Starting from simple content-based recommendations and iteratively adding popularity, demographic and collaborative filtering methods as rating density and user cardinality increases. The result is a RS that mutates during its lifetime and uses a tourism ontology and natural language processing (NLP) to correctly bin the items to specific item categories and meta categories in the ontology. This item classification facilitates the association between user preferences and items, as well as allowing to better classify and group the items being offered, which in turn is particularly useful for context-aware filtering.

Detecting anomalous data within time series is a very relevant task in pattern recognition and machine learning, with many possible applications that range from disease prevention in medicine, e.g., detecting early alterations of the health status before it can clearly be defined as "illness" up to monitoring industrial plants. Regarding this latter application, detecting anomalies in an industrial plant's status firstly prevents serious damages that would require a long interruption of the production process. Secondly, it permits optimal scheduling of maintenance interventions by limiting them to urgent situations. At the same time, they typically follow a fixed prudential schedule according to which components are substituted well before the end of their expected lifetime. This paper describes a case study regarding the monitoring of the status of Laser-guided Vehicles (LGVs) batteries, on which we worked as our contribution to project SUPER (Supercomputing Unified Platform, Emilia Romagna) aimed at establishing and demonstrating a regional High-Performance Computing platform that is going to represent the main Italian supercomputing environment for both computing power and data volume.

Neural style transfer is a deep learning technique that produces an unprecedentedly rich style transfer from a style image to a content image and is particularly impressive when it comes to transferring style from a painting to an image. It was originally achieved by solving an optimization problem to match the global style statistics of the style image while preserving the local geometric features of the content image. The two main drawbacks of this original approach is that it is computationally expensive and that the resolution of the output images is limited by high GPU memory requirements. Many solutions have been proposed to both accelerate neural style transfer and increase its resolution, but they all compromise the quality of the produced images. Indeed, transferring the style of a painting is a complex task involving features at different scales, from the color palette and compositional style to the fine brushstrokes and texture of the canvas. This paper provides a solution to solve the original global optimization for ultra-high resolution images, enabling multiscale style transfer at unprecedented image sizes. This is achieved by spatially localizing the computation of each forward and backward passes through the VGG network. Extensive qualitative and quantitative comparisons show that our method produces a style transfer of unmatched quality for such high resolution painting styles.

Artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of deep learning bears promise for drug discovery and chemical biology, $\textit{e.g.}$, to predict protein structure and molecular bioactivity, plan organic synthesis, and design molecules $\textit{de novo}$. While most of the deep learning efforts in drug discovery have focused on ligand-based approaches, structure-based drug discovery has the potential to tackle unsolved challenges, such as affinity prediction for unexplored protein targets, binding-mechanism elucidation, and the rationalization of related chemical kinetic properties. Advances in deep learning methodologies and the availability of accurate predictions for protein tertiary structure advocate for a $\textit{renaissance}$ in structure-based approaches for drug discovery guided by AI. This review summarizes the most prominent algorithmic concepts in structure-based deep learning for drug discovery, and forecasts opportunities, applications, and challenges ahead.

This work presents a set of neural network (NN) models specifically designed for accurate and efficient fluid dynamics forecasting. In this work, we show how neural networks training can be improved by reducing data complexity through a modal decomposition technique called higher order dynamic mode decomposition (HODMD), which identifies the main structures inside flow dynamics and reconstructs the original flow using only these main structures. This reconstruction has the same number of samples and spatial dimension as the original flow, but with a less complex dynamics and preserving its main features. We also show the low computational cost required by the proposed NN models, both in their training and inference phases. The core idea of this work is to test the limits of applicability of deep learning models to data forecasting in complex fluid dynamics problems. Generalization capabilities of the models are demonstrated by using the same neural network architectures to forecast the future dynamics of four different multi-phase flows. Data sets used to train and test these deep learning models come from Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of these flows.